Brain Function with Fat Energy

In the realm of cognitive health, the relationship between brain function and energy sources has been a topic of extensive research. One intriguing avenue that scientists are delving into is the role of fat in fueling and enhancing brain performance. This article aims to dissect the intricate connection between brain function and fat energy, shedding light on the potential benefits and implications.

Fat and The Brain’s Energy Demands

The Energy Hungry Brain

The human brain is a powerhouse of activity, requiring a substantial amount of energy to function optimally. Glucose, derived from carbohydrates, has long been considered the primary fuel for the brain. However, recent studies are unearthing the significance of fat in meeting the brain’s energy demands.

The Dual Role of Fat

Energy Reservoir: Unlike glucose, which can be depleted quickly, fat serves as a sustainable energy reservoir. The brain’s ability to utilize fat for energy provides a more enduring fuel source, potentially enhancing cognitive endurance.
Structural Importance: Beyond energy provision, certain fats play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of brain cells. Omega-3 fatty acids, for example, contribute to the formation of cell membranes, influencing overall brain health.

The Ketogenic Connection

Entering the Ketogenic Realm

The ketogenic diet, characterized by high fat intake and low carbohydrates, has gained attention for its potential cognitive benefits. By inducing a state of ketosis, where the body relies on fat for energy, proponents argue that this dietary approach can optimize brain function.

Cognitive Benefits of Ketosis

Enhanced Mental Clarity: Advocates of the ketogenic diet report heightened mental clarity and improved focus. The sustained release of energy from fat may contribute to a more stable cognitive state.
Neuroprotective Properties: Some studies suggest that ketosis may have neuroprotective properties, potentially mitigating the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Fat Types and Brain Health

Distinguishing the Good from the Bad

Not all fats are created equal, and their impact on brain health varies. Understanding the distinction between healthy and unhealthy fats is crucial for harnessing the benefits of fat energy for the brain.

Healthy Fats for Brain Function

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, omega-3 fatty acids contribute to cognitive function and may reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
Monounsaturated Fats: Olive oil, avocados, and nuts contain monounsaturated fats, which support overall cardiovascular health, indirectly benefiting brain function.

Unhealthy Fats and Cognitive Risks

Trans Fats: Commonly found in processed and fried foods, trans fats have been linked to cognitive decline and an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
Saturated Fats: While the role of saturated fats is debated, excessive intake may negatively impact cardiovascular health, indirectly affecting brain function.

Brain Function with Fat- Optimizing It

Incorporating Brain-Boosting Fats into Your Diet

Fatty Fish: Salmon, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
Avocado: A versatile source of monounsaturated fats, avocados can be a valuable addition to your diet.
Nuts and Seeds: Walnuts, flaxseeds, and chia seeds provide a nutrient-packed dose of brain-boosting fats.

Moderation and Balance

While embracing brain-boosting fats, moderation and balance remain key. A well-rounded diet that includes a variety of nutrients ensures comprehensive support for cognitive health.

Conclusion: Nourishing the Brain with Fat

In conclusion, the relationship between brain function and fat energy unveils a nuanced interplay that extends beyond mere energy provision. From the ketogenic advantages to the distinction between healthy and unhealthy fats, understanding this intricate connection empowers individuals to make informed choices for cognitive well-being. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the brain, the role of fat emerges as a compelling factor in optimizing cognitive function and preserving brain health for the long haul.

Beyond Nutrition: Lifestyle Factors and Cognitive Health

Exercise and Cognitive Resilience

While nutrition plays a pivotal role, other lifestyle factors contribute significantly to cognitive health. Regular exercise, for instance, has been linked to improved cognitive function. Engaging in physical activity enhances blood flow to the brain, promotes neuroplasticity, and may amplify the positive effects of a diet rich in brain-boosting fats.

Adequate Sleep as a Cognitive Pillar

The importance of sleep in cognitive well-being cannot be overstated. Quality sleep allows the brain to undergo essential processes such as memory consolidation and cellular repair. Lack of sleep, on the other hand, can impair cognitive function and hinder the brain’s ability to effectively utilize energy sources, including fats.

Emerging Research: Fat, Gut Microbiota, and Cognitive Function

The Gut-Brain Axis

Recent research has delved into the intricate relationship between gut health, fat metabolism, and cognitive function. The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication system, highlights how the health of the gut microbiota can influence brain function. Certain fats, especially those from a diverse and healthy diet, may positively impact gut microbiota, subsequently benefiting cognitive health.

Prebiotics and Probiotics

Including prebiotics and probiotics in the diet can foster a healthy gut microbiota. Foods like yogurt, kefir, and fiber-rich vegetables serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Probiotics, found in fermented foods, contribute directly to a balanced gut microbiome, potentially enhancing the cognitive benefits derived from fats.

The Future of Cognitive Nutrition: Personalized Approaches

Tailoring Nutrition to Individual Needs

As our understanding of the intricate interplay between nutrition and cognitive function deepens, personalized approaches to cognitive nutrition are emerging. Genetic factors, metabolic differences, and individual preferences all play a role in determining the optimal dietary strategy for cognitive well-being. Tailoring nutrition plans to individual needs may unlock new frontiers in optimizing brain function.

Integrating Fat-Based Approaches

Integrating fat-based approaches into personalized cognitive nutrition plans holds promise. Understanding an individual’s response to specific fats, whether through genetic markers or metabolic profiling, can guide the formulation of dietary recommendations aimed at unleashing the full potential of fat energy for cognitive enhancement.

Final Thoughts: Empowering Cognitive Health through Informed Choices

In the ever-evolving landscape of cognitive science, the role of fat energy in brain function stands as a captivating area of exploration. From the ketogenic diet’s potential benefits to the nuanced distinctions between various fat types, the journey to optimize cognitive health is multifaceted. By embracing a holistic approach that considers lifestyle factors, emerging research on gut-brain connections, and personalized nutrition strategies, individuals can make informed choices to empower their cognitive well-being. As we navigate the complexities of brain function, the synergy between the mind and the fuel it receives invites us to embark on a journey towards cognitive vitality, guided by the evolving insights into the profound relationship between the brain and fat energy.

Sustaining Cognitive Excellence: Practical Strategies for Everyday Life

Mindful Eating Practices

Beyond the nutritional aspect, adopting mindful eating practices can further enhance the cognitive benefits of fat energy. Mindful eating involves being fully present during meals, savoring each bite, and paying attention to hunger and satiety cues. By fostering a conscious relationship with food, individuals can optimize the digestion and assimilation of nutrients, including those essential for brain function.

Hydration and Brain Function

Proper hydration is a cornerstone of overall health, and its impact extends to cognitive function. Water is crucial for nutrient transport, waste elimination, and maintaining the structural integrity of brain cells. While the focus is on fats, ensuring adequate hydration complements the positive effects of a well-balanced diet, promoting optimal brain performance.

Navigating Challenges: Myths and Realities

Debunking Fat Myths

Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the role of fat in cognitive health, myths and misconceptions persist. Debunking these myths is crucial for individuals seeking to harness the benefits of fat energy for their brains.

Myth: All Fats are Harmful. In reality, distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy fats is vital. While excessive saturated and trans fats may pose risks, healthy fats are essential for brain function.
Myth: High-Fat Diets Lead to Weight Gain. The type of fats consumed matters. Healthy fats, when part of a balanced diet, can contribute to weight management and overall well-being.

Incorporating Fat into a Balanced Lifestyle

Holistic Well-being

Optimizing brain function with fat energy is not an isolated endeavor. It is a part of a broader journey towards holistic well-being. Embracing a balanced lifestyle that includes regular physical activity, sufficient sleep, and stress management complements the cognitive benefits derived from incorporating the right fats into one’s diet.

Consultation with Health Professionals

Individuals considering significant dietary changes or those with specific health concerns should seek guidance from healthcare professionals. Nutritionists, dietitians, and medical practitioners can provide personalized advice based on individual health conditions, ensuring a safe and effective approach to optimizing cognitive function with fat energy.

The Ongoing Exploration: Remaining Open to New Insights

As we delve deeper into the realms of cognitive nutrition, it’s essential to remain open to new insights and advancements. The field is dynamic, with ongoing research uncovering novel connections between dietary choices and cognitive health. Staying informed and adaptable allows individuals to incorporate the latest findings into their lifestyles, ensuring a proactive approach to sustaining cognitive excellence.

Conclusion: A Holistic Path to Cognitive Brilliance

In conclusion, the intricate relationship between brain function and fat energy offers a fascinating journey into the realms of cognitive science and nutritional well-being. From the practical strategies for everyday life to navigating myths and realities, individuals have the tools to embark on a holistic path towards cognitive brilliance. By understanding, embracing, and evolving with the profound connection between the brain and fat energy, we pave the way for a future where cognitive health is not just a goal but a sustained reality, guided by informed choices and a commitment to overall well-being.

Sustaining Cognitive Excellence: Practical Strategies for Everyday Life

Incorporating Brain-Boosting Supplements

In addition to dietary choices, some individuals may explore the use of supplements to support cognitive function. Omega-3 supplements, for instance, provide a concentrated source of essential fatty acids. However, it’s essential to approach supplementation with caution and consult with healthcare professionals to ensure proper dosage and compatibility with individual health profiles.

Mental Exercises for Cognitive Agility

Just as physical exercise is vital for the body, mental exercises play a crucial role in maintaining cognitive agility. Activities such as puzzles, memory games, and learning new skills stimulate the brain, fostering neural connections and promoting overall cognitive resilience. Combining mental exercises with a diet rich in brain-boosting fats can amplify the benefits for sustained cognitive excellence.

Sustainability and Ethical Considerations

Sustainable Sourcing of Fats

As we explore the intersection of brain function and fat energy, considering the sustainability and ethical aspects of fat sourcing becomes imperative. Opting for fats from sources that prioritize environmental sustainability and humane practices aligns with a holistic approach to well-being.

Ethical Choices for Personal and Planetary Health

Individuals are increasingly recognizing the interconnectedness of personal health and planetary health. Choosing ethically sourced fats not only supports cognitive well-being but also contributes to environmental conservation and ethical treatment of animals.

Community Engagement and Cognitive Health

Social Connections and Brain Resilience

Beyond individual lifestyle choices, the importance of social connections in cognitive health cannot be overlooked. Engaging in meaningful social interactions and building a supportive community contributes to emotional well-being, stress reduction, and ultimately, brain resilience. The synergy between a nourished mind and a connected community creates a robust foundation for sustained cognitive excellence.

Shared Learning and Collective Well-being

Communities can also play a role in shared learning about cognitive health and nutritional insights. Establishing platforms for knowledge exchange, where individuals can discuss experiences, share recipes, and learn from experts, fosters a culture of collective well-being. Together, communities can navigate the evolving landscape of cognitive science and empower each other towards healthier, cognitively vibrant lives.

Final Reflections: A Holistic Blueprint for Cognitive Flourishing

In the tapestry of cognitive health, the role of fat energy emerges as a dynamic thread, weaving through nutrition, lifestyle, and societal considerations. From the practical strategies for everyday life to ethical choices and community engagement, the blueprint for sustaining cognitive excellence extends beyond individual choices. It encompasses a holistic approach that recognizes the intricate interplay between personal well-being, environmental stewardship, and social connections.

As we embark on this journey towards cognitive flourishing, let us carry forward the insights gleaned from the exploration of brain function and fat energy. By embracing a holistic lifestyle that nourishes the mind, respects the planet, and fosters social connections, we create a tapestry wherecognitive excellence is not an isolated goal but a collective endeavor. In the ongoing pursuit of knowledge and well-being, may our choices be guided by a commitment to the flourishing of the mind, body, and the interconnected world we inhabit.

Nurturing Cognitive Resilience: A Lifelong Commitment

Lifelong Learning for Cognitive Enrichment

The quest for cognitive excellence extends beyond immediate strategies, emphasizing the importance of lifelong learning. Engaging in continuous education, exploring new hobbies, and staying intellectually curious contribute to cognitive enrichment. A well-stimulated mind, supported by a nutrient-rich diet and holistic lifestyle, is better equipped to adapt to challenges and maintain resilience over the course of a lifetime.

Adapting to Life Transitions

Recognizing that life is marked by transitions, both expected and unexpected, is crucial for sustained cognitive well-being. Whether entering a new phase of life, facing retirement, or navigating health changes, adapting dietary and lifestyle choices becomes pivotal. The flexibility to adjust nutritional strategies in accordance with life transitions is a testament to the dynamic nature of cognitive health.

The Role of Technology in Cognitive Support

Digital Tools for Cognitive Fitness

In the digital age, technology offers a wealth of resources for cognitive support. Brain-training apps, memory games, and educational platforms provide accessible means to exercise the mind. While not a substitute for a well-rounded lifestyle, integrating technology into cognitive wellness routines can complement efforts to maintain mental acuity.

Mindful Tech Consumption

Balancing the benefits of technology with mindful consumption is essential. Excessive screen time and information overload can contribute to stress and cognitive fatigue. Establishing healthy digital habits, such as regular breaks and intentional screen-free moments, fosters a harmonious relationship between technological advancements and cognitive well-being.

A Call to Action: Advocacy for Cognitive Health

Shaping Public Awareness

Advocacy for cognitive health involves not only personal commitment but also contributing to public awareness. Initiatives that promote the importance of nutrition, lifestyle, and cognitive well-being in educational institutions, workplaces, and healthcare settings play a pivotal role in shaping a culture that prioritizes brain health.

Policy Advocacy for Holistic Well-being

Beyond individual actions, advocating for policies that support holistic well-being becomes a collective responsibility. Encouraging policies that promote access to nutritious foods, prioritize mental health in educational curricula, and create environments conducive to active lifestyles contributes to a societal framework that nurtures cognitive health.

Embracing the Journey: A Continual Evolution

The Dynamic Nature of Cognitive Science

As we conclude this exploration of brain function and fat energy, it’s essential to acknowledge the dynamic nature of cognitive science. Ongoing research will likely uncover new dimensions of the relationship between dietary choices and cognitive health. Embracing the journey involves staying open to evolving insights and adjusting our approaches in light of emerging knowledge.

A Lifelong Commitment to Cognitive Flourishing

In the intricate dance between the mind and the fuel it receives, a lifelong commitment to cognitive flourishing emerges as the guiding principle. From understanding the nuances of fat energy to adopting practical strategies, navigating myths, and contributing to a societal ethos that values cognitive well-being, the journey is both individual and collective.

Final Words: A Tapestry Woven with Wisdom and Well-being

In the grand tapestry of life, the intertwining threads of wisdom and well-being weave a narrative of cognitive resilience. Each choice made in nourishing the mind, embracing lifelong learning, and advocating for a culture of cognitive health contributes to a tapestry that transcends individual experiences. As we continue to explore the realms of brain function and fat energy, may our collective efforts create a legacy of cognitive flourishing—a legacy woven with the threads of informed choices, vibrant health, and the perpetual quest for knowledge.

The Enduring Legacy: A Call to Generations

Passing the Torch of Cognitive Wisdom

As we traverse the path of cognitive well-being, it becomes incumbent upon us to pass the torch of cognitive wisdom to future generations. Educating the youth about the profound connection between brain function and fat energy equips them with the knowledge to make informed choices. By instilling a reverence for cognitive health from an early age, we contribute to a legacy that transcends time.

Holistic Education for Cognitive Empowerment

In educational institutions, there is an opportunity to integrate holistic approaches to cognitive empowerment. Including modules on nutrition, mindfulness, and cognitive fitness in curricula fosters a comprehensive understanding of the factors that contribute to optimal brain function. Such an education not only benefits individuals but also shapes a society that values and prioritizes cognitive health.

A Global Movement: Uniting for Cognitive Well-being

Bridging Cultures and Borders

Cognitive health knows no boundaries, and the quest for well-being transcends cultural differences. Initiating a global movement that bridges cultures and borders fosters a collective commitment to cognitive well-being. By sharing insights, cultural practices, and scientific knowledge, we create a tapestry of diverse approaches that enrich the global understanding of brain function and fat energy.

Collaborative Research for a Brighter Future

The global community can pool resources for collaborative research initiatives aimed at unraveling the complexities of cognitive health. By fostering international partnerships, researchers can explore diverse genetic backgrounds, cultural practices, and dietary habits, contributing to a richer tapestry of knowledge that informs global strategies for cognitive well-being.

Reflections on the Journey: A Tapestry Woven with Purpose

Gratitude for the Past, Vision for the Future

As we reflect on this journey through the intricate landscape of cognitive science, gratitude for the cumulative wisdom of the past meets a visionary outlook for the future. Each revelation, each choice made in favor of cognitive well-being, contributes to a tapestry woven with purpose—a purpose that extends beyond individual lifetimes.

A Tapestry of Purposeful Living

In embracing the profound connection between brain function and fat energy, we weave a tapestry of purposeful living. It is a tapestry that celebrates the innate potential of the mind, acknowledges the role of nourishment in unlocking cognitive brilliance, and envisions a future where cognitive well-being is a shared commitment across generations.

The Closing Chapter: A Tapestry of Mindful Legacy

Leaving an Imprint on the Sands of Time

As we close the chapter on this exploration, let us recognize the significance of leaving an imprint on the sands of time. Each word written, each idea shared, contributes to a legacy of mindful living and cognitive vitality. In the vast tapestry of existence, may our collective efforts echo through the corridors of time, inspiring generations to come.

A Tapestry Woven by Many Hands

This tapestry, woven by many hands and hearts, is a testament to the enduring connection between the mind and the nourishment it receives. In the ceaseless journey of cognitive exploration, may each individual find their thread of purpose, weaving a tapestry that reflects the beauty of a mind well-nourished, a legacy well-lived, and a world that values the intricate dance between brain function and the energy derived from the essence of life—fat.

Beyond Boundaries: A Global Odyssey in Cognitive Wellness

Harmonizing Cultural Wisdom

The tapestry of cognitive wellness extends its threads across diverse cultures, each offering unique insights into nurturing the mind. Harmonizing cultural wisdom involves acknowledging and integrating traditional practices that have stood the test of time. From Ayurveda to Mediterranean diets, understanding and incorporating the best of cultural nutrition enriches the global approach to cognitive health.

Mindful Tech for Global Outreach

In an interconnected world, technology acts as a catalyst for disseminating knowledge on cognitive well-being. Utilizing mindful tech practices, we can reach global audiences with educational content, virtual communities, and interactive platforms. Bridging geographical gaps, technology becomes an ally in the shared mission of promoting cognitive resilience.

A Symphony of Collaboration: Healthcare and Research

Amplifying Scientific Endeavors

Collaboration between healthcare professionals and research institutions plays a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of cognitive health. Initiatives that promote interdisciplinary research, bringing together neuroscientists, nutritionists, and medical experts, contribute to a symphony of knowledge. This collaboration accelerates the translation of scientific discoveries into practical strategies for cognitive well-being.

Integrative Healthcare for Holistic Wellness

An integrative approach to healthcare acknowledges the synergy between conventional medicine and complementary practices. Combining dietary interventions with mindfulness techniques and cognitive therapies fosters holistic wellness. This integrative paradigm empowers individuals to actively participate in their cognitive health journey.

Sustainable Practices: Preserving Cognitive and Environmental Balance

Eco-conscious Nutrition

Recognizing the interconnectedness of cognitive and environmental health, an eco-conscious approach to nutrition gains significance. Sustainable farming practices, reduced food waste, and conscious consumption contribute to a balanced ecosystem. A mindful relationship with the environment echoes the principles of holistic well-being, creating a sustainable legacy for generations to come.

Environmental Stewardship for Cognitive Resilience

Preserving natural habitats and biodiversity emerges as a cornerstone for cognitive resilience. The well-being of ecosystems directly influences the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we consume. By advocating for environmental stewardship, we fortify the foundations of cognitive health for the present and future.

The Tapestry Unfurls: A Future of Cognitive Flourishing

Navigating Uncertainties with Resilience

In an ever-evolving world, uncertainties are inevitable. Cultivating cognitive resilience becomes our compass through uncharted territories. The lessons learned from the intricate dance of brain function and fat energy serve as a guide, empowering individuals to navigate challenges with adaptability and fortitude.

A Living Legacy of Cognitive Flourishing

As the tapestry unfolds, the legacy of cognitive flourishing becomes a living testament to the choices made in the pursuit of well-being. It transcends generations, leaving an indelible mark on the narrative of human health. The evolving journey of cognitive science becomes a story of resilience, wisdom, and a shared commitment to nurturing the mind.

The Final Stroke: A Canvas of Possibilities

Embracing the Ever-Unfolding Journey

In the final stroke on this canvas of possibilities, we embrace the ever-unfolding journey of cognitive wellness. The exploration of brain function and fat energy transcends the limits of a single article; it is a perpetual odyssey into the depths of human potential. With each passing moment, the canvas continues to evolve, inviting us to participate actively in the creation of a future where cognitive flourishing is not merely a goal but a shared reality.

A Call to Action: Your Role in the Tapestry

As you read these closing words, consider your role in the grand tapestry of cognitive well-being. Your choices, insights, and commitment are integral threads that contribute to the vibrant mosaic of a world where minds are nourished, resilience is celebrated, and the journey toward cognitive excellence is embraced by all. May your journey be filled with purpose, wisdom, and the unwavering belief in the boundless potential of a mind that thrives on the energy of life—embracing the intricate dance between brain function and the essence of existence.

The Unending Quest: Pioneering Frontiers in Cognitive Science

Exploring Uncharted Realms

As we embark on this unending quest in cognitive science, the exploration of uncharted realms remains an invigorating challenge. Emerging technologies, cutting-edge research methodologies, and the collective wisdom of global collaboration beckon us to venture into territories yet undiscovered. The pursuit of cognitive excellence is an ever-evolving endeavor, opening doors to new insights that promise to reshape our understanding of the intricate relationship between brain function and the energy derived from fat.

Interdisciplinary Horizons

Breaking down disciplinary boundaries, the horizon of cognitive science expands into interdisciplinary landscapes. The synergy between neuroscience, nutrition, psychology, and various other fields contributes to a holistic understanding of cognitive well-being. Interdisciplinary collaboration becomes the compass that guides us toward a comprehensive grasp of the factors influencing the mind’s resilience and brilliance.

Empowering Individuals: Tools for Cognitive Autonomy

Personalized Cognitive Strategies

The future of cognitive wellness envisions a landscape where individuals have personalized tools for optimizing their cognitive autonomy. Tailored nutrition plans, cognitive exercises, and lifestyle adjustments based on individual needs and preferences empower each person to take an active role in their cognitive health journey. The era of personalized cognitive strategies is dawning, offering a roadmap to unlock the full potential of every mind.

Technological Innovations for Cognitive Support

Advancements in technology continue to offer innovative solutions for cognitive support. From neurofeedback devices that enhance cognitive training to wearable technologies monitoring brain health indicators, the integration of tech tools provides individuals with real-time insights and actionable steps toward sustaining cognitive excellence.

Shaping Public Policies: A Vision for Cognitive Well-being

Advocacy for Cognitive Health

The tapestry of cognitive well-being extends beyond individual choices; it encompasses societal structures and policies. Advocacy for cognitive health becomes a cornerstone of public policy, prompting initiatives that prioritize mental well-being, nutritional education, and access to resources that foster cognitive resilience. By shaping policies that align with the principles of holistic cognitive health, societies can pave the way for a future where the well-being of the mind is a collective responsibility.

Educational Transformation for Cognitive Empowerment

In the vision for cognitive well-being, education emerges as a transformative force. Integrating cognitive science into educational curricula equips future generations with the knowledge and skills to navigate the complexities of brain function. The emphasis on cognitive empowerment becomes an integral part of educational philosophies, nurturing young minds to thrive in a world that values and supports their cognitive brilliance.

The Tapestry Unfurls: A Symphony of Potential

Unveiling the Masterpiece

As the tapestry of cognitive well-being unfurls, it reveals a symphony of potential—a masterpiece in the making. The threads of scientific discovery, technological innovation, individual empowerment, and societal advocacy weave together to create a vision of a world where cognitive flourishing is not an aspiration but a shared reality.

Your Role in the Grand Symphony

In the grand symphony of cognitive well-being, your role is pivotal. Whether as a seeker of knowledge, a champion for societal change, or an advocate for your own cognitive health, you contribute a unique note to the harmonious composition of the future. As the journey continues, may your endeavors be fueled by curiosity, guided by wisdom, and inspired by the endless possibilities inherent in the profound dance between the mind, the body, and the energy that sustains them.